[149] **"Whence have these sufferings come upon me?"**
**"Whence?" (kuto nu):** this is a question out of doubt, a question out of perplexity, a question of two minds, a question that is not one-sided: "Is it thus, or is it not thus? What is it, or how is it?" — hence "whence?"
**"Sufferings" (dukkhā):** the suffering (dukkha) of birth (jāti), the suffering of aging (jarā), the suffering of illness (byādhi), the suffering of death (maraṇa); the suffering of sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair (soka-parideva-dukkha-domanassa-upāyāsa); the suffering of hell, the suffering of the animal realm, the suffering of the realm of hungry ghosts, human suffering; suffering rooted in the descent into the womb, suffering rooted in remaining in the womb, suffering rooted in emerging from the womb; suffering bound up with one who is born; the suffering of one who is born being subject to others; suffering through one's own assault; suffering through the assault of others; suffering as painful feeling (dukkha-dukkha); the suffering of the round of existence (saṃsāra); suffering due to change (vipariṇāma); eye disease, ear disease, nose disease, tongue disease, disease of the body, disease of the head, disease of the outer ear, disease of the mouth, disease of the teeth; cough, asthma, catarrh, burning fever, fever, disease of the belly, fainting, dysentery, colic, cholera; leprosy, boils, eczema, consumption, epilepsy; ringworm, itch, scab, scratch-disease, scabies; blood disease, bile disease, diabetes, haemorrhoids, pustules, fistula; illnesses originating from bile, illnesses originating from phlegm, illnesses originating from wind, illnesses arising from their combination, illnesses born of change of climate, illnesses born of careless conduct, illnesses produced by assault, illnesses born of the ripening of kamma; cold, heat, hunger, thirst, defecation, urination; the suffering of contact with gadflies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, and creeping creatures; the death of a mother is suffering, the death of a father is suffering, the death of a brother is suffering, the death of a sister is suffering, the death of a son is suffering, the death of a daughter is suffering; the loss of relatives is suffering, the loss of wealth is suffering, the loss of virtue is suffering, the loss of view is suffering.
Of whatever dhammas an arising at the beginning is discerned, of these a cessation (nirodha) upon their passing away is discerned. Result is dependent on kamma; kamma is dependent on result; form (rūpa) is dependent on mentality (nāma); mentality is dependent on form. Followed by birth, pursued by aging, overcome by illness, struck down by death; established in suffering; without protection, without shelter, without refuge, having become refugeless — these are called sufferings.
"These sufferings — whence have they come? Whence born, whence produced, whence arisen, whence come to be, whence made manifest? What is their source, what is their origin (samudaya), what is their genesis?" — he asks about the root of these sufferings, asks about the cause, asks about the source, asks about the coming-to-be, asks about the genesis, asks about the point of arising, asks about the nutriment, asks about the object, asks about the condition, asks about the origin; he asks, begs, requests, and implores [the Blessed One to declare it] — hence: "Whence have these sufferings come upon me?"
English translation from the Pali (Siam Raṭṭha edition) — under review, not for citation.